The war in Ukraine has caused an unprecedented wave of emigration, the largest in the country's history. Experts refer to this as the fifth migration wave—the most extensive both in scale and in its impact. While previous migration waves were mostly political, the current one is primarily war-driven and forced. A significant share of this migration includes Russian-speaking citizens, which affects Ukraine's image abroad and breeds skepticism towards Ukraine in Europe.
Repatriation remains minimal: about 50% of those who fled returned during the first year of the full-scale war, but since 2024, this has dropped to 5-6%. The main reasons are concern for safety and lack of prospects in a country gripped by a protracted conflict. The employment rate among Ukrainians abroad is 69%, one of the highest among migrant groups in Europe.
The topic of migrant return is often used in political debates, but most Ukrainians remain abroad in pursuit of safety and freedom. Meanwhile, divisions have emerged within society: some believe return is only possible after war ends and reforms are implemented, while others point to the unfairness of elites securing their families’ safety while the general population remains in Ukraine.
Experts emphasize the need for state policy changes and for creating conditions conducive to return—achievable only with restored democracy, guaranteed rights, freedoms, and economic stability. Ultimately, the decision of where to live is rational and personal, focusing on safety and prospects as much as patriotic feeling.
